Socio-Psychological Determinant Changes from the Gender Perspective during the COVID-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.184.3Keywords:
Exploratory Factor Analysis, COVID 19, Gender Inequalities, Mental Health, Spanish PopulationAbstract
The Covid-19 health crisis brought changes to people´s lives that affected them both physically and psychologically. The aim of this
paper is to identify the key socio-psychological factors involved in the main changes to the mental health of the Spanish population,
and to determine whether they had the same impact across genders. The survey data from the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research entitled “CIS Survey 3324 Effects and Consequences of Coronavirus IV” (specifically, question 14) were used to this end. Question variables were recoded into dummy variables for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The study found five key factors that have changed the mental health of the Spanish population: “being more empathic”, “enjoying leisure more”, “discovering new leisure activities”, “being more religious or spiritual” and “being more interested in the future”. All of these affected women more than men.
Downloads
References
Addis, Michael E. y Mahalik, James R. (2003). «Men, Masculinity, and the Contexts of Help See- king». American Psychologist, 58(1): 5-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.1.5
Astbury, Jill (2001). «Gender Disparities in Mental Health». Mental Health. Ministerial Round Tables 2001, 54th World Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Atance, Cristina M. y O’Neill, Daniela K. (2001). «Episodic Future Thinking». TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 5(12). doi: 10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01804-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01804-0
Ayuso-Mateos, José L.; Mediavilla, Roberto; Rodríguez McGreevy, Kerry y Bravo, María Fe (2021). «Informing the Response to COVID-19 in Spain: Priorities for Mental Health Research». Re- vista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (Engl. Ed.), 14(2): 79-82. doi: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.04.001
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin y Argyle, Michael (1997). The Psychology of Religious Behavior, Belief and Experience. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Bhugra, Dinesh; Till, Alex y Sartorius, Norman (2013). «What is Mental Health?». International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1): 3-4. doi: 10.1177/0020764012463315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012463315
Bourdon, Karen; Rae, Donald; Locke, Ben; Narrow, William y Regier, Darrel (1992). «Estimating the Prevalence of Mental Disorders in U.S. Adults from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Survey». Public Health Reports, 107(6): 663-668.
CIS (2020). Estudio sobre bienestar emocional. Estudio 3285. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones So- ciológicas. Disponible en: https://www.analisis. cis.es/cisdb.jsp, acceso 14 de diciembre de 2022.
CIS (2021a). Encuesta sobre la salud mental de los/as españoles/as durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Estudio 3312. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Disponible en: https://www.analisis. cis.es/cisdb.jsp, acceso 14 de diciembre de 2022.
CIS (2021b). Efectos y consecuencias del coronavi- rus (IV). Estudio 3324. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Disponible en: http:// www.analisis.cis.es/cisdb.jsp, acceso 14 de diciembre de 2022.
CIS (2021c). Ficha técnica. Estudio 3324. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. Dis- ponible en: http://www.cis.es/cis/export/sites/ default/-Archivos/Marginales/3320_3339/3324/ FT3324.pdf, acceso 14 de diciembre de 2022.
Chaves, Covadonga; Marchena, Carlos; Palacios, Beatriz; Salgado, Alfonso y Duque, Almudena (2022). «Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Perinatal Mental Health in Spain: Positive and Negative Outcomes». Women and Birth, 35(3): 254-261. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2021.01.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2021.01.007
Eckenrode, Jenny y Wethington, Eva (1990). The Process and Outcome of Mobilizing Social Support. En: S. Duck (ed.). Personal Relationships and Social Support. Newbury Park, California: Sage.
Fiorillo, Andrea y Gorwood, Philip (2020). «The Con- sequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Implications for Clinical Practice». European Psychiatry, 63(1): e32. doi: 10.1192/j.eu- rpsy.2020.35 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35
Fisher, Edwin B.; Miller, Suzanne M.; Evans, Megan; Luu, Samantha L.; Tang, Patrick Y.; Valovcin, Dawn
D. y Castellano, Cherie (2020). «COVID-19, Stress, Trauma, and Peer Support – Observations from the Field». Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(3): 503-505. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa056 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa056
Fundación de Salud Mental (2008). What Works for You? London: MHF.
Fundación de Salud Mental (2021). Salud mental y COVID-19. Un año de pandemia. Disponible en: https://www.consaludmental.org/publicaciones/ Salud-mental-covid-aniversario-pandemia.pdf, acceso 18 de febrero de 2023.
Galderisi, Silvana; Heinz, Andreas; Kastrup, Marianne; Beezhold, Julian y Sartorius, Norman (2015).
«Toward a New Definition of Mental Health». World Psychiatry, 14(2): 231-233. doi: 10.1002/wps.20231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
Giovagnoli, Raffaela (2018). «From Habits to Rituals: Rituals as Social Habits». Open Information Science, 2: 181-188. doi: 10.1515/opis-2018-0014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2018-0014
González-Sanguino, Clara; Ausín, Berta; Castellanos, Miguel Á.; Saiz, Jesús; López-Gómez, Aída; Ugidos, Carolina y Muñoz, Manuel (2020). «Mental Health Consequences during the Initial Stage of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain». Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87: 172-176. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
González-Sanguino, Clara; Ausín, Berta; Castellanos, Miguel Á.; Saiz, Jesús y Muñoz, Manuel (2021).
«Mental Health Consequences of the Covid-19 Outbreak in Spain. A Longitudinal Study of the Alarm Situation and Return to the New Norma- lity». Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 107: 110219. doi: 10.1016/j. pnpbp.2020.110219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110219
Gouwy, Aneleen; Christiaens, Wendy y Bracke, Piet (2008). «Mental Health Services Use in the Gene- ral Belgian Population: Estimating the Impact of Mental Health and Social Determinants». Arch. Public Health, 66(2): 50-68. Disponible en: http:// hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-393895, acceso 19 de febrero de 2023.
Hagger, Martin S. (2019). «Habit and Physical Acti- vity: Theoretical Advances, Practical Implications, and Agenda for Future Research». Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42: 118-129. doi: 10.1016/j. psychsport.2018.12.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.007
Hill, Terrence D. y Needham, Belinda L. (2013). «Rethinking Gender and Mental Health: A Critical Analysis of Three Propositions». Social Science & Medicine, 92: 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.socsci- med.2013.05.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.05.025
Jacques-Aviñó, Constanza; López-Jiménez, Tomás; Medina-Perucha, Laura; Bont, Jeroen de; Queiroga Gonçalves, Alessandra; Duarte-Salles, Talita y Berenguera, Anna (2020). «Gender-based Approach on the Social Impact and Mental Health in Spain during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross-sectional Study». BMJ Open, 10: e044617. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044617
Judd, Fiona; Armstrong, Sue y Kulkarni, Jayashri (2009). «Gender-Sensitive Mental Health Care». Australasian Psychiatry, 17(2): 105-111. doi: 10. 1080/10398560802596108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10398560802596108
Kalkbrenner, Michael (2021). «Enhancing Assessment Literacy in Professional Counseling: A Practical Overview of Factor Analysis». The Professional Counselor, 11(3): 267-284. doi: 10.15241/ mtk.11.3.267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15241/mtk.11.3.267
Kessler, Ronald C.; McGonagle, Katherine A.; Zhao, Shanyang; Nelson, Christopher B.; Hughes, Michael; Eshleman, S.; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich y Kendler, K. S. (1994). «Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States». Arch Gen Psychiatry, 51(1): 8-19. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
Kessler, Ronald C. y Zhao, Shanyang (1999). The Prevalence of Mental Illness. En: A. V. Horwitz y T. L. Scheid (eds.). A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems (pp. 58-78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kola, Lola (2020). «Global Mental Health and COVID-19». Lancet Psychiatry, 7(8): 655-657. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30235-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30235-2
Kumar, Anant y Nayar, Rajasekharan K. (2021). «COVID 19 and Its Mental Health Consequences». Journal of Mental Health, 30(1): 1-2. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1757052
Lally, Phillippa; Jaarsveld, Cornelia H. M. van; Potts, Henry W. W. y Wardle, Jane (2010). «How Are Habits Formed: Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World». European Journal of Social Psycho- logy, 40: 998-1009. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674
Li, Wen; Yang, Yuan; Liu, Zi-Han; Zhao, Yan-Jie; Zhang, Qinge; Zhang, Ling; Cheung, Teris y Xiang, Yu-Tao (2020). «Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China». International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10): 1732-1738. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45120
MacLeod, Andrew K. y Conway, Clare (2007). «Well- being and Positive Future Thinking for the Self versus Others». Cognition and Emotion, 21(5): 1114-1124. doi: 10.1080/02699930601109507 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601109507
MacLeod, Andrew K. y O’Connor, Rory C. (2018). Positive Future-Thinking, Well-being, and Mental Health. En: G. Oettingen, A. T. Sevincer y P. Gollwitzer (eds.). The Psychology of Thinking about the Future. New York: The Guilford Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198725046.003.0001
Magson, Natasha R.; Freeman, Justin Y. A.; Rapee, Ronald M.; Richardson, Cele E.; Oar, Ella L. y Fardouly, Jasmine (2021). «Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic». Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50: 44-57. doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
Malik, Sana y Naeem, Khansa (2020). «Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Women: Health, Livelihoods & Domestic Violence». Sustainable Development Policy Institute. Disponible en: http://hdl. handle.net/11540/11907, acceso 18 de febrero de 2023.
Manwell, Laurie A.; Barbic, Skye P.; Roberts, Karen; Durisko, Zachary; Lee, Cheolsoon; Ware, Emma y McKenzie, Kwame (2015). «What is Mental Health? Evidence towards a New Definition from a Mixed Methods Multidisciplinary International Sur- vey». BMJ Open, 5: e007079. doi: 10.1136/bmjo- pen-2014-007079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007079
Milton, Alyssa C.; Ellis, Louise A.; Davenport, Tracey; Burns, Jane M. y Hickie, Ian (2017). «Comparison of Self-reported Telephone Interviewing and Web- based Survey Responses: Findings from the Second Australian Young and Well National Survey». JMIR Mental Health, 4(3):e37. doi: 10.2196/men- tal.8222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8222
Nivakoski, Sanna y Mascherini, Massimiliano (2021). «Gender Differences in the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employment, Unpaid Work and Well-Being in the EU». Inter Econ, 56(5): 254-260. doi: 10.1007/s10272-021-0994-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-021-0994-5
O’Connor, Rory C.; Wetherall, Karen; Cleare, Seonaid; McClelland, Heather; Melson, Ambrose J.; Niedzwiedz, Claire L.; O’Carroll, Ronan E.; O’Connor, Daryl B.; Platt, Steve; Scowcroft, Elizabeth; Watson, Billy; Zortea, Tiago; Ferguson, Eamonn y Robb, Kathryn A. (2021). «Mental Health and Well-being during the COVID-19 Pan- demic: Longitudinal Analyses of Adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing Study». The British Journal of Psychiatry, 218: 326-333. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2020.212
Oettingen, Gabriele; Sevincer, Timur A. y Gollwitzer, Peter M. (eds.) (2018). The Psychology of Thinking about the Future. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc.
OMS (2018). Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/en/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-stren- gthening-our-response, acceso 18 de febrero de 2023.
OMS (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental, Neurological and Substance Use Services: Results of a Rapid Assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Pattyn, Elise; Verhaeghe, Mieke y Bracke, Piet (2015). «The Gender Gap in Mental Health Service Use». Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 50(7): 1089- 1095. doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1038-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1038-x
Pérez-Rojo, Gema; López, Javier; Noriega, Cristina; Martínez-Huertas, José Á.; Velasco, Cristina; Carretero, Isabel; López-Frutos, Patricia; Galarraga, Leyre y Pillemer, Karl (2021). «Older People’s Personal Strengths During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic». Psicothema, 33(3): 423-432. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2020.453
Regier, Darrel; Boyd, Jeffrey; Burke, Jack; Rae, Donald; Myers, Jerome; Kramer, Morton; Robins, Lee; George, Linda; Karno, Marvin y Locke, Ben (1988). «One-month Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the United States. Based on Five Epidemiologic Catchment Area Sites». Archives of General Psychiatry, 198845(11): 977-986. doi: 10.1001/ar- chpsyc.1988.01800350011002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800350011002
Rettie, Hannah y Daniels, Jo (2021). «Coping and Tolerance of Uncertainty: Predictors and Mediators of Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic». American Psychologist, 76(3): 427-437. doi: 10.1037/amp0000710 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
Rosenfield, Sarah y Mouzon, Dawne (2013). Gender and Mental Health. En: C. S. Aneshensel; J. C. Phelan y A. Bierman (eds.). Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14
Rossi, Rodolfo; Socci, Valentina; Talevi, Dalila; Mensi, Sonia; Niolu, Cinzia; Pacitti, Francesca; Di Marco, Antinisca; Rossi, Alessandro; Siracusano, Alberto y Di Lorenzo, Giorgio (2020). «COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Population in Italy». Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11: 970. doi: 10.3389/fp- syt.2020.00790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
Sartorius, Norman (2002). Fighting for Mental Health. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scheid, Teresa L. y Brown, Tony N. (2010). Ap- proaches to Mental Health and Illness: Conflicting Definitions and Emphases. En: T. L. Scheid y T. N. Brown (eds.). A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health. Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2.ª ed.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511984945.003
Seedat, Soraya; Scott, Kate M.; Angermeyer, Matthias C.; Berglund, Patricia; Bromet, Evelyn J.; Brugha, Traolach S.; Demyttenaere, Koen; Girolamo, Giovanni de; Haro, Josep M.; Jin, Robert; Karam, Elie G.; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Levinson, Daphna; Medina Mora, María E.; Ono, Yutaka; Ormel, Johan; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Posada-Villa, Jose; Sampson, Nancy A.; Williams, David y Kessler, Ronald C. (2009). «Crossnational Associations between Gender and Mental Disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys». Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(7): 785-795. doi: 10.1001/ar- chgenpsychiatry DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36
Seligman, Martin E. y Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (2000).«Positive Psychology. An Introduction». The American Psychologist, 55(1): 5-14. doi: 10.1037//0003- 066x.55.1.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
SHARE (2020). SHARE COVID-19 Survey. Disponible en: http://www.share-project.org/fileadmin/pdf_ documentation/SHARE_COVID19_Survey1_Release_Guide.pdf , acceso 19 de febrero de 2023.
Simba, Hannah y Ngcobo, Silindile (2020). «Are Pandemics Gender Neutral? Women’s Health and COVID-19». Frontiers in Global. Womens Health 1:570666. doi: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.570666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2020.570666
Slopen, Natalie; Williams, David R.; Fitzmaurice, Garrett M. y Gilman, Stephen E. (2011). «Sex, Stressful Life Events, and Adult-onset Depression and Alcohol Dependence: Are Men and Women Equally Vulnerable?». Social Science & Medicine, 73(4): 615-622. doi: 10.1016/j.socsci- med.2011.06.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.022
Tabachnick, Barbara y Fidell, Linda (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon (5.ª ed.).
Watkins, Marley (2018). «Exploratory Factor Analy- sis: A Guide to Best Practice». Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3): 219-246. doi: 10.1177/0095798418771807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807
Wood, Wendy y Neal, David T. (2007). «A New Look at Habits and the Habit-goal Interface». Psychological Review, 114: 843-863. doi: 10.1037/0033- 295X.114.4.843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843
Wood, Wendy y Neal, David T. (2009). «The Habitual Consumer». Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(4): 579-592. doi: 10.1016/j.jcps DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.08.003
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 REIS. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Permite Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato, Adaptar — remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material para cualquier propósito, incluso comercialmente.
