Intergroup Emotional Dynamics: An Analysis of the Characteristics of Affectively Polarised Spanish Voters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.184.105Keywords:
Polarised Voters, Spain, Partisan Identification, Ideology, Media, Affective PolarisationAbstract
This paper describes the dynamics of affective polarisation in Spain, going beyond quantifying the phenomenon based on a scale and opting for an individual classification system that allows us to distinguish between groups of polarized and non-polarized voters. In addition, discriminant analysis is used to develop a profile of affectively polarized voters, and to determine the variables that characterize this voter. The main results indicate that voters polarize more with those parties that are ideologically further from their preferences, but within an ideological bloc, affective evaluations are not homogeneous. The study also addresses the impact of socio-demographic factors, ideological self-location and information consumption through social networks, television news and digital newspapers on affective polarization.
Downloads
References
Almond, Gabriel and Verba, Sidney (1960). Civic Culture Study, 1959-1960. doi: 10.3886/ ICPSR07201.v2, access April 1, 2022.
Bassan-Nygate, Lotem and Weiss, Chagai M. (2022). “Party Competition and Cooperation Shape Affective Polarization: Evidence from Natural and Survey Experiments in Israel”. Comparative Political Studies, 55(2): 287-318. doi: 10.1177/00104140211024283 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140211024283
Boxell, Levi; Gentzkow, Mattew and Shapiro, JesseM. (2020). Cross-country Trends in Affective Polarization. NBER Working Paper No. w26669. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3522318, access April 1, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w26669
Chen, M. Keith and Rohla, Ryne (2018). “The Effect of Partisanship and Political Advertising on Close Family Ties”. Science, 360(6392): 1020-1024. doi: 10.1126/science.aaq1433 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1433
Crespo, Ismael; Rojo-Martínez, José Miguel and Mora-Rodríguez, Alberto (2021). “La falsa percepción sobre las creencias de los otros: ¿Causa o consecuencia de la polarización afectiva?”. Más Poder Local, 45: 75-94.
Druckman, James N. and Levendusky, Mattew (2019). “What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization?”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(1): 114-122. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfz003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz003
Druckman, James N.; Klar, Samara; Krupnikov, Yanna; Levendusky, Mattew and Ryan, John Barry (2021). “How Affective Polarization Shapes American´S Political Beliefs: A Study of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 8(3): 223-234. doi: 10.1017/XPS.2020.28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2020.28
Fernbach, Philip M. and Van-Boven, Leaf (2022). “False Polarization: Cognitive Mechanisms and Potential Solutions”. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43: 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.06.005
Gervais, Bryan T. (2019). “Rousing the Partisan Combatant: Elite Incivility, Anger, and Antideliberative Attitudes”. Political Psychology, 40(3): 637-655. doi: 10.1111/pops.12532 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12532
Gidron, Noam; Adams, James and Horne, Will (2020). American affective polarization in comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914123
Harteveld, Eelco (2021). “Fragmented Foes: Affective Polarization in the Multiparty Context of the Netherlands”. Electoral Studies, 71: 102332. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102332
Harteveld, Eelco; Mendoza, Philipp and Roodujin, Matthijs (2022). “Affective Polarization and the Populist Radical Right: Creating the Hating?”. Government and Opposition, 57(4): 703-727. doi: 10.1017/ gov.2021.31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2021.31
Hernández, Enrique; Anduiza, Eva and Rico, Guillem (2021). “Affective Polarization and the Salience of Elections”. Electoral Studies, 69: 102203. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102203
Hetherington, Marc J. and Rudolph, Thomas J. (2015). Why Washington Won’t Work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226299358.001.0001
Huber, Gregory A. and Malhotra, Neil (2017). “Political Homophily in Social Relationships: Evidence from Online Dating Behavior”. The Journal of Politics, 79(1): 269-283. doi: 10.1086/687533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/687533
Huddy, Leonie; Bankert, Alexa and Davies, Caitlin (2018). “Expressive versus Instrumental Partisanship in Multiparty European Systems”. Political Psychology, 39(1): 173-199. doi: 10.1111/pops.12482 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12482
Iyengar, Shanto and Westwood, Sean J. (2015). “Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization”. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3): 690-707. doi: 10.1111/ ajps.12152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12152
Iyengar, Shanto; Sood, Gaurav and Lelkes, Yptach (2012). “Affect Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3): 405-431. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfs038 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038
Iyengar, Shanto; Lelkes, Yphtach; Levendusky, Matthew; Malhotra, Neil and Westwood, Sean J. (2019). “Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States”. Annual Review of Political Science, 22: 129-146. doi: 10.1146/an- nurev-polisci-051117-073034 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
Jaráiz, Erika, Lagares, Nieves and Pereira, María (2020). “Emociones y decisión de voto. Los componentes de voto en las elecciones generales de 2016 en España”. doi: 10.5477/cis/reis.170.115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.170.115
Kekkonen, Arto and Ylä-Anttila, Tuomas (2021). “Affective Blocs: Understanding Affective Polarization in Multiparty Systems”. Electoral Studies, 72: 102367. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102367
Kingzette, Jon; Druckman, James N.; Klar, Samara; Krupnikov, Yanna; Levendusky, Mathew and Ryan, John B. (2021). “How Affective Polarization Undermines Support for Democratic Norms”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 85(2): 663-677. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfab029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfab029
Knudsen, Erik (2021). “Affective Polarization in Multiparty Systems? Comparing Affective Polarization Towards Voters and Parties in Norway and the United States”. Scandinavian Political Studies, 44(1): 34-44. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12186
Lagares, Nieves; Pereira, María and Jaráiz, Erika (2022). “La construcción emocional de la identificación partidista. El caso de las elecciones generales de 2016 en España” / “The Emotional Construction of Partisan Identification: The Case of the 2016 General Election in Spain”. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 179: 39-58. doi: 10.5477/cis/reis.179.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5477/cis/reis.179.39
Lau, Richard R., Andersen, David J., Ditonto, Tessa M., Kleinberg, Mona S. and Redlawsk, David P. (2017). “Effect of Media Environment Diversity and Advertising Tone on Information Search, Selective Exposure, and Affective Polarization”. Political Behavior 39(1): 231-255. doi: 10.1007/s11109-016-9354-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9354-8
Lorenzo-Rodríguez, Javier and Torcal, Mariano (2022). “Twitter and Affective Polarisation: Following Political Leaders in Spain”. South European Society and Politics. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2022.2047554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003398332-5
Mason, Lilliana (2015). “’I Disrespectfully Agree’: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization”. American Journal of Political Science, 59(1): 128-145. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12089
Mason, Lilliana (2016). “A Cross-cutting Calm: How Social Sorting Drives Affective Polarization”. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(1): 351-377. doi: 10.1093/poq/nfw001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw001
Mayordomo-Zapata, Claudia (2021). “Diferencias de género y edad en la polarización afectiva española: ¿quién está más polarizado?”. Más Poder Local, 45: 147-161.
McLaughlin, Bryan (2018). “Commitment to the Team: Perceived Conflict and Political Polarization”. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 30(1): 41-51. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000176 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000176
Ondercin, Heather Louise and Lizotte, Mary Kate (2021). “You’ve Lost That Loving Feeling: How Gender Shapes Affective Polarization”. American Politics Research, 49(3): 282-292. doi: 10.1177/1532673X20972103 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X20972103
Orriols, Lluís and León, Sandra (2020). “Looking for Affective Polarization in Spain: PSOE and Podemos from Conflict to Coalition”. South European Society and Politics, 25(3-4): 351-379. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2021.1911440 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2021.1911440
Reiljan, Andres (2020). “Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines´(Also) in Europe: Affective Polarisation in European Party Systems”. European Journal of Political Research, 59(2): 376-396. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12351 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12351
Rivera, José Manuel; Lagares Diez, Nieves; Pereira López, María and Jaráiz Gulías, Erika (2021). “Relación entre los diversos usos de las redes sociales Twitter y Facebook, emociones y voto en España”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 79: 73-98. doi: 10.4185/RLCS-2021-1518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1518
Rodon, Toni (2022). “Affective and Territorial Polarisation: The Impact on Vote Choice in Spain”.South European Society and Politics, 27(1): 147169. doi: 10.1080/13608746.2022.2044235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2022.2044235
Rogowski, Jon and Sutherland, Joseph (2016). “How Ideology Fuels Affective Polarization”. Political Behavior, 38(2): 485-508. doi: 10.1007/ s11109-015-9323-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9323-7
Sherif, Muzafer; Harvey, O. J; Hood, William R.; Sherif, Carolyn W. and White, Jack (1961). Intergroup Conflict and cooperation. The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman: The University of Oklahoma.
Simón, Pablo (2020). “Two-bloc Logic, Polarisation and Coalition Government: The November 2019 General Election in Spain”. South European Society and Politics, 25(3-4): 533-563. doi: 10.1080/1 3608746.2020.1857085 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2020.1857085
Tajfel, Henri and Turner, John C. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In: S. Worchel and W. G. Austin (eds.). The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33-47). Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
Wagner, Markus (2021). “Affective Polarization in Multiparty Systems”. Electoral Studies, 69: 102199. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102199
Webster, Steven W. and Abramowitz, Alan I. (2017). “The Ideological Foundations of Affective Polarization in the US Electorate”. American Politics Research, 45 (4 ) : 621 647. doi: 10.1177/1532673X17703132 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X17703132
Westwood, Sean J.; Iyengar, Shanto; Walgrave, Stefaan; Leonisio, Rafael; Miller, Luis and Strijbis, Oliver (2018). “The Tie That Divides: CrossNational Evidence of the Primacy of Partyism”. European Journal of Political Research, 57(1): 333-354. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12228
Wilson, Anne E.; Parker, Victoria A. and Feinberg, Matthew (2020). “Polarization in the Contemporary Political and Media Landscape”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34: 223-228. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.005
Yudkin, Daniel; Hawkins, Stephen and Dixon, Tim (2019). The perception gap: How false impressions are pulling Americans apart. Available at: https://psyarxiv.com/r3h5q/, access April 1, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r3h5q
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 REIS. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Permite Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato, Adaptar — remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material para cualquier propósito, incluso comercialmente.
